A Report On The Zimbabwean Economy Essay - 1753 Words

INTRODUCTION The Zimbabwean economy is nose diving and experiencing huge cash shortages of the currency in circulation ,this is being seen as the banks are now rationing the payments, giving each individual about $100 per day and sometimes less or no cash , also money is now not easily accessible from mobile bankers like eco-cash, telecash and one wallet, this is being caused by the imports which are outweighing the exports and among these imports there is the importation of second hand cars which is seen to have dominated the imports of Zimbabwe. In 2013 between January and November the Zimbabweans imported about 206 519 cars worth over $606 million (ZIMSTATS,The Herald 23 April 2014).Thus the importation of second hand vehicles is worsening the trade deficit that is already unfavorable as in 2013 the budget deficit stood at $3billion(ZIMSTAT). Willowvale Mazda Motor Industry’s production slumped from 18 000 vehicles per year in 1997 to below 4 000 vehicles and stopped producing in 2012 (Zimbabwe Independent 22 May 2015),this was mainly due to the importation of second hand vehicles by the Zimbabweans as they were less costly and complied with their budgets, the other players such as Quest motors and Croco motors in the automobile sector are being affected in the same manner leading to unemployment due to low capacity utilization in these companies as the demand new vehicles was estimated to be 25 000(Zimbabwe Independent 22 May 2015). 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Life Span Perspectives Paper Free Essays

In order to truly understand the life span perspectives we must first define developmental psychology, which is a field that falls under the topic of psychology that is centered on describing how individuals change and grow throughout the stages of their life. This field has also been noted to be one of the more popular fields to be studied. We, as humans, must first grasp the concept that before there can be an outcome there has to be a process or a beginning. We will write a custom essay sample on Life Span Perspectives Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now We can always trace anything that exists back to a beginning, for people this beginning is birth and the developmental processes that follow are individual pieces of the life processes. Charles Darwin had a longing to understand just what evolution was and exactly how it worked; from this desire he drew the study of lifespan development. Adolescence and norms were first introduced to those in the field of science by way of a G. Stanley Hall publication (Boyd Bee, 2006). Within this book these scholarly individuals could read about the first observational studies of children. Within this paper you will find the definition of lifespan development, a description of the many characteristics of the lifespan perspective, and the identifying factors of the human developmental domains and periods. Lifespan Development We recognize that within the lifespan there had to be a beginning; we know this because of the work of Charles Darwin. Darwin began the inner workings of human developmental studies and those early evolutionists who shared his opinions were soon to join in his studies. Darwin’s goal was to prove his theory of evolution; it was his belief that his best chance of proving his theory was to engage in intense studies of human development (Boyd Bee, 2006). According to the American Heritage Dictionary, a lifespan is the average amount of time that an organism, material, or object can be expected to survive or last. If we look for further detail and look for the definition of development, we find that development based on biology is the process of organic growth in an individual organism, we also see that this an be defined as a biological occurrence of events in which an organism changes gradually from a simple to a more complex level (Collins English Dictionary, 2003). When we combine these two individual words we end up with a term that defines the individual changes associated with life progresses that can be tracked in correspondence to the individual’s age. People will change many times over throughout their lifetime; these developmen tal periods are the prenatal period, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. In order for one to experience growth developmental change must occur. Life span development will occur over and over, again and again throughout the individual’s life time. Although there are positives and negatives in the developmental process, developmental research and advances will continue to occur throughout an individual’s entire life cycle. Characteristics of the Lifespan Perspective All individuals develop on their own schedule and at their own pace, depending on many internal and external factors. Due to improved nutrition and health and medical knowledge a sharp rise in the average life expectancy has recently been observed. The characteristics of the lifespan perspective are lifelong, multidirectional, plasticity, contextual, multidisciplinary, and multidimensional. One’s development continues throughout their lifespan, there is no certain age that appears to be heavier in this area than others. Continued growth paired with decline affects development which can be said to attribute to the multidirectional portion of the lifespan. Many will seem to focus on the plasticity of the human lifespan, one can see this in the example of a child who has been malnourished, this child may suffer from a diminished intellect but given proper nutrition over an extended period of time the child will, indeed, regain much f the lost function and should eventually catch up to the average for his age. There are many outside forces that have a great effect on human development, these forces can be biological, historical, social, and cultural (Berk, 2007). Lifespan Domain Human Development domains all work together and are affected by one another. The categories of the domains of development are social, physical, and cognitive (Boyd Bee, 2006). The social domain encases the changes that one may find necessary in order to adapt to a new social environment, or situation, this might include developing and maintaining relationships, and improvement upon general social skills. The physical domain can be defined as the way the humans change their physical appearance. A good example of a physical change is when a child enters puberty, and again as the child becomes elderly. Within this domain it is seen that as the physical appearance changes so will the views that the individual possesses in life. Human Development Periods Psychoanalytic, cognitive, and learning are the three theories that have been shown to produce the most information on human development (Boyd Bee, 2006). Within these theories we can find information that best explains how one transitions from one moment within their life and essentially evolves to the next level. In discussing human development we must recognize the age old debate of nature versus nurture. Within this theory we must ask which, if either, is truly the strongest influence? Does the environment or genetics play the biggest part in this factor? Conclusion There are many answers that are yet to be discovered in the field of psychology in spite of the fact that there have already been so many discoveries. In the beginning there was Darwin and his theory of evolution†¦.. we do not yet know where the end may take us. How to cite Life Span Perspectives Paper, Essays

Tess of the DUrbervilles and The Drivers Seat Essay Example For Students

Tess of the DUrbervilles and The Drivers Seat Essay In the novels, Tess of the DUrbervilles and The Drivers Seat Tess and Lise are presented as victims of many things, mainly society, men, themselves and fate. Firstly, both women are presented as victims of societal and domestic circumstances despite their dissimilar backgrounds; Tess, on one hand, comes from a poor background in a period where women were seen as second-class citizens in comparison with men. Lise however is presented as a very isolated character due to the fact that there is no mention of family in her life. Both women are also portrayed as victims of men; Tess suffers the rape/seduction by Alec and Lise escapes rape herself on numerous occasions. In addition to this, they are both presented as victims of themselves, Tess because of her naivety, extremely passive nature and her good looks; Lise whereas is shown as having a more self-destructive nature, we see this through her search for her type of man. Finally we see them presented as victims of fate; Tess is constantly plagued by her past, yet Lise seems to make her own fate by searching for her killer. The narrative voices are key to both of the novels, Hardy on one hand is constantly foreshadowing Tess future, through Hardy we also learn of Tess thoughts and feelings as not a lot is revealed through her words, Hardy also constantly uses pathetic fallacy to express Tess emotions. Spark has a very different narrative style, she writes from the perspective of a detached observer, unlike Hardys omnipresence, she also is very unsure of the present but is able to tell the future of Lise. In the novel, Tess of the DUrbervilles Hardy presents Tess as a victim of her social and domestic circumstances. Tess is shown as a victim of domestic circumstances many times throughout the novel; an example would be when Tess mother, Joan is trying to force Tess into claiming kinship You must got to her and claim kin the use of the word must by Mrs. Durbeyfield suggests that it is vital that Tess goes to claim kin, it is this urgency that makes Tess go, as she finds herself unable to put her feelings of doubt above her mothers desires. By sending Tess away to claim kin Mrs. Durbeyfield has unknowingly left her nai ve daughter vulnerable to Alec dUrberville, the word her suggests that Mrs. Durbeyfield knows little about the dUrbervilles, meaning that she knew nothing of Alecs nature. This apparent lack of care shown by Tess mother makes the reader feel sympathy for Tess. Tess is also a victim of her drunken and idle father, John Durbeyfield. John spends the night drinking at Rollivers, leaving him in a drunken state. This shows recklessness on his part, as he was unable to handle copious amounts of alcohol He had, in truth, drunk very little- not a fourth of the quantity which a systematic tippler could carry to church on a Sunday afternoon without a hitch in his eastings the words in truth suggest that Johns appearance was not an accurate reflection of his activities, as in truth he had drank much less than it would appear. This recklessness however turned out to have larger consequences for Tess. The next day John Durbeyfield he was in no fit state to make his journey to market, so Tess sets out with her brother Abraham for company. Tess and Abraham are unable to stay awake and collide with a mail cart, killing their horse. Tess feels like a murderess and that she is personally responsible for ruining the family business, which relied heavily on the horse, Tis all my doing-all mine! the repetition of the word all emphasises how Tess is piling the blame onto herself where in actual fact it was a situation she should never have been in, had it not been for her careless father. Such displays of dramatic unfounded admissions from Tess only make things worse for her in the long run as she feels even more obliged to go to the dUrbervilles, thus meeting her eventual downfall in the form of Alec dUrberville. Tess parents evidently can be blamed for starting Tess troubles they seem to be extremely poor at helping her get out of her troubles. Fro example, when Tess returns home pregnant her mother accepts the pregnancy yet is angry and disappointed that Tess has not got Alec to marry her, And yet thst not got him to marry ee! the use of the word yet suggests that Mrs. Durbeyfield expected them to have prepared for marriage long ago. Mrs. Durbeyfield clearly left Tess vulnerable to the advances of Alec but although she saw the affect her actions had had on her daughter she was unable to admit so Well, we must make the best of it, I suppose the words make the best of it suggest that although Mrs. Durbeyfields plan had not gone as she thought she knows that nothing can be done to change the past, so she therefore feels that its not her fault. Tess feels let down be her mother How could I be expected to know? I was a child when I left this house the word child symbolises Tess innocence and lack of life experience, a void which she feels should have been filled by knowledge from her mother. Mrs. Durbeyfield merely saw Tess going to Alec as an easy way out for the family; Tess was made a victim of her familys opportunism. Tess is also a victim of society. In the particular era the novel is written in we know that the society was very male-orientated; men held the most power and women seen almost as mens subordinates. The class system was also of prime importance in pre 1900 England, meaning that Tess was a victim of the class system, as she was a working class citizen; she had little money and very few opportunities. Mrs. Durbeyfield shows an old-fashioned attitude and no understanding of the social divide that made a marriage between Tess and Alec highly improbable in the first place. Lise, in complete contrast is not presented as a victim of direct family pressure; in fact it is probably the lack of family influence that has the greatest affect on Lise. Because of the evident lack of family in Lises life the reader is left to assume her past and present family situation. Because of this Lise is presented by Spark as an isolated character, there is no mention of family or a boyfriend/husband. Lise is also a victim of the society in which she lives, although she lives in a much more liberal society it still has the same male-dominance of Tess era. This is shown through the hierarchy in her place of work, She has five women under her and two men. Over her are two women and five men this shows the uneven split of male and female workers. This spilt suggests a stereotype that women cannot compete in a male-orientated society; this is one of the ways that Lise is presented as a victim and is an issue that is no doubt dear to Sparks heart keeping in mind that she is a feminist writer. Lises need to be the centre of attention makes her a victim of society; she makes herself the centre of attention through the clothes she wears- which are often brightly colours and clash with one another, this unique dress sense is not acknowledged by the people around her, for example when the sales girl talks to her colleague All those colours together the use of the word all by the sales girls suggests that she thinks Lises judgement is poor and that all the colours dont work together. This is not the only time in the novel that we see Lise being victimised for her choice of clothing, just as she is leaving her block of flats Lise is humiliated by the porter My goodness, what colours! the use of my goodness by the porter shows his complete shock, this shows how Lise is presented as a victim of the narrow minded and somewhat conservative society in which she lives. This is not the only way in which Lise is shown as a victim of society, she also finds it necessary to lie to other people about her marital status Yes, I have my boyfriend this is just one of a number of occasions where she blatantly lies to people, usually to impress. This suggests that Lise feels inadequate to the people around her, Lise is presented as a victim of a society that preconceived ideas of what people should be like, or at least thats how Lise views the people around her as thinking. The Hollow Men EssayThis is much like what Alec did to get close to Tess, he offered her a ride home and to help her get away from a confrontational situation. What is different about the rape scenes in each of the novels is the way in which the men act once they are in the company of women; Carlo is presented as being very rough and authoritarian, whereas Alec is presented as being more gentle with Tess, these two affects are put over to the reader mainly through the narrative voice, Hardy uses classic mythology can gentle language, however Spark uses language that presents the situation as being forced and protesting, She kicks him and tries to push him off, gurgling her protests the words kicks, gurgling and protests show the unnaturalness of the situation, the word gurgling suggests that Carlo is smothering her, hoping she will change her mind. Sparks narrative voice is extremely different to Hardys. Sparks narrative is written for the perspective of a detached observer, unlike Hardy is constantly changing is narrative perspective. Sparks narrative in unsure in the present, whereas hardy seems to know all that is happening. Hardy is constantly foreshadowing Tess fate but Spark can tell the future perfect, not sing the hinting words like Hardy, Spark uses simple and clear expression, completely different to the intimacy of Hardys narrative. Finally, in both the novels Tess and Lise are presented as victims of fate. In Tess of the DUrbervilles we know that the lives of the characters are subject to forces beyond their control. Chance and coincidence bring about disasters and the characters have to deal with events in the best way they can. The characters in the novel are often fatalistic about what happens to them and believe in omens and bad luck. Tess mother typifies this view. After talking to Tess and showing her disappointment for Tess not having pressed Alec to marry her when she is pregnant, she says Well, we must make the best of it I suppose. Tis nater, after all, and what do please God! this shows that Mrs. Durbeyfield thinks that their lives are in control of God and that whatever he does is for the best, or at least they should make the most of it. Sometimes the fate lies in the characters own natures; for example Tess pride and her worry for Angels reputation after he has left her from getting help at an earlier stage of her troubles. Also, Angels stubborn morality and his unrealistic ideal of womanhood prevent him from accepting Tess for who she really is. Lise on the other hand appears to create her own fate to a certain extent. She goes and searches for her type which as we find out towards the end of the novel refers to someone who will kill her, not someone that she wants to spend her life with like we would assume it to mean. The fact that Lise appears in control is reflected in the title In The Drivers Seat, it suggests that Lise is in the drivers seat and that she is making her own choices in life, not being controlled some supernatural being, yet it could also be interpreted as the victim sits in the drivers seat. This is totally dissimilar to Tess of the DUrbervilles where the characters seem to be constantly influenced by chance and coincidence. In the Drivers Seat Lises fate is clearly given to the reader, yet you still get the impression that Lise is in control because of her search for her type the fate that is being spelt out is one that she wants. In conclusion I think that both Tess and Lise are presented as victims in a variety of ways, in some cases they are the victims of the same things and sometimes there are not. Tess is presented as a victim of social, domestic, male and fate factors. Hardy does this through various ways. His narrative voice gives an insight into Tess that makes the reader feel sympathy for her, for example with the birds we see her pain and suffering, how she can be compared with the birds-like a hunted animal, this has a deeper impact on the reader and enforces the idea of Tess as a victim. The way Tess is taken advantage of makes the reader worry for Tess as you wonder if she will survive the sexual advances of Alec because she has so little life experience. Tess is also presented as a victim of her own family, not just Alec, this makes the reader see Tess as a victim because it seems as if she has nowhere to turn. Lise is presented as a victim of society, male and fate factors. Spark presents Lise as a very in control character yet when she is victimised she finds it hard to remain in that same frame of mind, she finds herself prone to snap back, an example being with the porter, You are ignorant this shows Lise losing control. Lise also escapes rape narrowly, the reader feels sorry for Lise as we see her being taken advantage of when she is extremely vulnerable and the way Carlo is presented as a rough, unkind and bad-minded attitude makes the reader side even more with Lise. Sparks narrative voice is one that creates a lot of uncertainty around Lises emotions; we can only determine Lises feelings through the things she does, the things she sees and the people she meets. We are never given information as to how Lise got the way she is; the mystery of what drives her is never solved. This presents Lise as a very isolated character, a victim of the lack of family, lack of past and through Sparks narrative a lack of a future. This makes the reader feel a concern for Lise, it makes the reader think that she is being forced into death because of her lack of family and prospects of life, the reader sees her as a victim of domestic and social issues and definitely a victim of herself, through her state of mind. So, in these two novels we can see similarities in the way Tess and Lise are presented as victims. In both novels we see Tess and Lise presented as victims of men, both experience the bad side of men, Tess through the rape/seduction from Alec and Lise narrowly escaping rape by Carlo; another similarity being the way the men are presented in these scenes, Alec and Carlo employ similar tactics to get Tess and Lise where they want them, although Carlo is more opportunist than Alec, they both have a strong desire for sex and see the womens vulnerable situation as a perfect opportunity to capitalise on it. Both Alec and Carlo take the women away from their intended destination yet in Tess of the DUrbervilles, unlike in The Drivers Seat we see the rape/seduction scene presented in a more natural and calm way. Both are presented as victims of fate, Tess constantly being foreshadowed by Hardy and Hardy always hinting at things, yet in The drivers Seat the fate of Lise is spelled out to the reader through Sparks ability to tell the future yet be extremely unsure in the present. So to summarise we see both women presented as victim of many aspects of life, some are themes seen in both novels and sometimes it is shown in varying degrees, the ways they are presented as victims is through the narrative voice mainly, as with Hardy we have lots of suggestion and very little revealed through Tess words and in Sparks we see her tell Lises future, very little is shown through Lises words either.